INTRODUCTION/MAIN Introduction/Main BACKGROUND Seafarer's Challenge Why This Interest Continental Drift Oppositions to Drift Craftsman's Approach EMPIRICAL MODEL The Empirical Model Expansion Basics Model Construction Expansion Basics Model Construction Model Demonstration Riverbed Formation Video Demonstration CONCLUSIONS Conclusions Summary of Evidence The Mid-Oceans Crests Making Mountains & The Pacific Ocean Moon Expulsion Earthquakes An Impact Vision EXPANSION CARTOGRAPHY Expansion Cartography The Big Picture Waterworld Inland Evidence EXPAND HOW? Expand How? Owen's Plasma Core Continental Shelves EPILOGUE Epilogue BOOK INFO Book Info / Feedback Pangaea Associated with Continental Drift. A huge landmass, or supercontinent, the perimeter of which is undefined, consisting of all the Earth's continental crust, speculated to have existed about 225 million years ago before breaking up into two landmasses called Laurasia and Gondwana. Plate Tectonics A theory that provides an explanation for Continental Drift, suggesting that the Earth's crust is comprised of segments, or plates, which shift very slowly (inches per year). The continents are said to move with them. Magma currents are said to propel the tectonic plates by convection. The movement of these plates against one another is assumed to be the cause of earthquakes.

SUMMARY OF EVIDENCE & CONCLUSIONS The evidence and conclusions, garnered from the unmanipulated, live model of global expansion, include: UNIFORM CRUST Expansion begins with a geo-dynamically correct crust -- an equally solidified crust which complies with the laws of physics. The model suggests that, rather than a supercontinent or a concentration of continents, the surface was once the uniform crust of a smaller planet. By deflating the model, each continent returns along its mathematical tangent line to its original position before expansion. The continents fit together in a spherical jig-saw puzzle, their perimeters matching along all sides, excluding the Pacific Basin which is void of continental matter. This methodical fitting can not be coincidental; the union forms a continuous crust of a smaller planet. Expanding the model restores the continents' current-day positions. How does this finding argue a basic premise of continental drift? PERIMETER CORRELATION Continental drift and its adjunct theories are based on the correlation of the perimeters made only where Pangaea ruptured, and its remaining perimeters are not defined. Yet the shapes of the continents as they appear today are clearly correlated, in a relationship too methodical to have originated from an undefined Pangaea. Observation of this relationship - the look of the continents - was a prime motivation for this model's development. Through the action of the model, the initial observation is validated. Upon model deflation, the entire surface composition contracts. The continents simultaneously join in a spherical jig-saw puzzle as the perimeters of each match the ones beside it. Inflating the model restores the continents' present-day positions, perimeters intact. All perimeters are defined and all can be attributed to expansion; the continental perimeters exist today as they did at the onset of expansion and expansion accounts for all of them. How does this evidence provide a more feasible explanation than continental drift? PRECISION OF CONTINENTAL PLACEMENT Another speculation inspiring this model's development - the precision of continental placement - is confirmed by the model. The precision of continental placement may logically be attributed to global expansion, as a singular event. Through radial movement, the continents simultaneously merge in deflation and simultaneously separate in expansion. In the final stage of inflation, the continents re-establish their present-day positions on the planet. Random drift is not present, nor is it acceptable for this precision. Their composition is naturally established through expansion, a result of the continents being fixed on a changing surface. Expansion automatically and precisely places the Earth's features in their current-day locations. The model answers: Why are the continents where they are? Why is this more logical than the assumptions of continental drift? THE MID-OCEAN CRESTS The expansion model explains the mid-ocean crest system. The crests appear to signify the locations where the Earth's crust originally broke apart -- the continental division lines. As well, it clearly indicates that these crests are not positioned by the random movements of plate tectonics but stretched into position along distinct radial lines. During inflation, the model's flexible ridges, demarcations of the original continental seams, extend longitudinally but do not change position. Through longitudinal extension, their entire pattern develops automatically. Drifting is not possible, nor is it necessary. Furthermore, the development of the crest system is simultaneous with the spreading of the continents to their current-day positions. Such unaided accuracy offers further evidence of expansion. The final design, today's planet, is one of alternating land and ocean, their floors centred by the crests, drawn-out echoes of continental fittings. How does this argue the premises of continental drift? MOUNTAIN FORMATION & THE PACIFIC OCEAN The systematic formation of mountain ranges into a solid circle around the Pacific Basin upon model deflation indicates that they originated as a singular, continuous range. This formation strongly suggests that the mountains are a result of a sudden catastrophe and could have come into existence in a moment of time. The Pacific Basin, appearing as a large hole in the Earth's crust upon deflation, compounds the evidence of a catastrophe. RIVERBED FORMATION Additionally, the model indicates that the Earth's largest rivers may have been formed with a changing planet circumference. Since the continents were fixed on an expanding surface, the altering curvature likely forced them to stretch. At the points of greatest tension, the continental crust was forced to break and sink. On the model, the greatest stress in the continents occurred at the location of the Earth's major rivers, suggesting that they may have been formed through expansion rather than random erosion. Diagram and more info. To summarize, the lopsided crust, continents originating from an undefined land mass and blind chance of continental drift could not produce the calculated features and placement visible on today's Earth. These are, however, achieved naturally with expansion. Top | Main | Mid-Ocean Crests