INTRODUCTION/MAIN Introduction/Main BACKGROUND Seafarer's Challenge Why This Interest Continental Drift Oppositions to Drift Craftsman's Approach EMPIRICAL MODEL The Empirical Model Expansion Basics Model Construction Expansion Basics Model Construction Model Demonstration Riverbed Formation Video Demonstration CONCLUSIONS Conclusions Summary of Evidence The Mid-Oceans Crests Making Mountains & The Pacific Ocean Moon Expulsion Earthquakes An Impact Vision EXPANSION CARTOGRAPHY Expansion Cartography The Big Picture Waterworld Inland Evidence EXPAND HOW? Expand How? Owen's Plasma Core Continental Shelves EPILOGUE Epilogue BOOK INFO Book Info / Feedback Subduction Associated with Continental Drift. In subduction, it is theorized that new sea floor is continuously generated at the centre of the ocean, at a mid-ocean crest, and then spreads from the centre out. Sucked by some force into the deeper hot magma, the excess sea floor is said to dip under the continents, thus forming the deep ocean trenches. Trenches Long, narrow, deep depressions in the ocean bed.

MAKING MOUNTAINS & THE PACIFIC OCEAN The model addresses the origin of the Ring of Fire, the strata of high mountain ranges circumventing the Pacific Ocean (Japan included) which emits most of the Earth's seismographic disturbance (see the Map of the Circum-Pacific Region). The model indicates why this Ring of Fire came into existence and why it is so earthquake prone. Around the Pacific, one continent's range appears to "pick up" where another's left off, forming a dotted circle. Upon deflation of the model, the Ring of Fire systematically contracts into a solid ring around the ocean. The evidence suggests that, at one point in time, these mountains formed a relatively continuous range on a smaller Earth. The formation also indicates that the mountains may be a result of a sudden catastrophe, coming into existence in a moment of time with an impact from a celestial body. The Pacific Ocean is also evidence of a catastrophe. Its surface has a post-expulsion character. Unlike other ocean floors which are dominated by stretch marks spreading from the crests and the continents, the Pacific's floor appears to be pulled up into tips and then quickly coagulated. Recent revisions to the drift theory leave this post-expulsion quality unexplained. At no place is there evidence of sea floor subduction. As well, if subduction did occur there would be no trenches, curiously formed along the continental perimeters surrounding the Pacific Ocean. These depressions would be filled with the sedimentary debris of the ocean floor (Carey). Also important are the peculiarities of this ocean's crest pattern. Its prominent crest runs closer to the Americas, rather than along the ocean's centre (see the Map of the Circum-Pacific Region). Given that the Earth's mid-ocean crests represent the original continental seams, the Pacific crest pattern suggests that the Basin was once home to another land mass. Indeed, it appears to be a massive crater, where part of the Earth's crust is missing. Combined, the Ring of Fire and the Pacific Ocean offer convincing evidence of Moon expulsion. It can be logically deduced that they developed simultaneously; the event that created the Basin violently thrust the surrounding land sideways, forming the high mountains. (Had the surrounding mountains been leveled, the Basin would be smaller.) The existence of one formation only endorses the other. Top | Main | Moon Expulsion