INTRODUCTION/MAIN Introduction/Main BACKGROUND Seafarer's Challenge Why This Interest Continental Drift Oppositions to Drift Craftsman's Approach EMPIRICAL MODEL The Empirical Model Expansion Basics Model Construction Expansion Basics Model Construction Model Demonstration Riverbed Formation Video Demonstration CONCLUSIONS Conclusions Summary of Evidence The Mid-Oceans Crests Making Mountains & The Pacific Ocean Moon Expulsion Earthquakes An Impact Vision EXPANSION CARTOGRAPHY Expansion Cartography The Big Picture Waterworld Inland Evidence EXPAND HOW? Expand How? Owen's Plasma Core Continental Shelves EPILOGUE Epilogue BOOK INFO Book Info / Feedback Plasma Core While at the British Museum (Natural History), Dr. Hugh Owen suggested that the Earth may have a plasma core. Previously, it was thought to be a solid of nickel, iron and probably sulphur. If the inner core is plasma, there is a potential for expansion when the core changes from a plasma state into an atomic state. Uniformitarianism The theory that all geological developments are the result of gradual, uniform processes, accommodating the Darwinian process of natural selection. Magma Fluid or semifluid matter which forms igneous rock when cooled.

AN IMPACT VISION Did Canada's Rocky Mountains and all others surrounding the Pacific Ocean come into existence in a moment of time? Imagine for a moment an impact like the anonymous Dutch writer visualised -- a super-comet entering the planet below today's India and leaving it as a number of other comets. As he did not know of Owen's plasma core, he supposed that the expansion was caused by the interference of comet gasses with the existing atmosphere and the electricity created by the impact. Triggered by the live model's high mountain ranges coming into a closed circle surrounding the Pacific Ocean, this craftsman became increasingly intrigued by the how of expansion and was curious to see more of the mountains. A drive in the Canadian province of Alberta, north-west of Edmonton towards Jasper, led unexpectedly into a region called the "Overlapping Mountains". These mountains, so far inland, must have come into existence by a tremendous side thrust of the Earth's upper crust. Closer to Jasper, this overlapping of crust changes gradually into saw-toothed mountains. These again can only be explained by an enormous side thrust. At one sightseeing point, facts were given that nearby rocks corresponded with those of a region about 55 miles away and that the two regions were connected by a downward folded mass of the same rock. The only method for achieving such features appears, once again, to be a side thrust. Travelling further west, through the Fraser Plateau to the higher ranges in the province of British Columbia, the mountains become more crusted. While viewing the formations, it suddenly dawned on this author that if this structural system existed all around the Pacific Basin, as the model shows, it could verify that the Pacific Basin is indeed a massive crater, now filled with sediment, and the Ring of Fire a vestige of a turbulent catastrophe. The catastrophe -- the expulsion of the Moon -- could have been a consequence of the impact from a super-comet. With an understanding of expansion, it is easy to see that the Ring of Fire stands as an aftermath of stress on the solidified mountain ranges. However, reasoning these features with an impact hypothesis will be rejected by persistent uniformitarians. A simulation of mountain forming by thrust is well observed in the way that ice gathers and packs against an obstruction. This craftsman witnessed a surprising sight during a trip to Point Pelee, Ontario, Canada. Out of a flat ice field, two high strips of packed ice were formed. The solid shields, broken at a weak point, were pushed into a mountain heap, offering a perfect sample of one way that mountains are formed. Mountain forming by convection? Some mountains of course. Others appear to be sucked out of the Earth's magma. The ranges around the Pacific Ocean though, are undoubtedly the result of the side thrust from a cataclysm as great as Moon expulsion. Top | Main | Expansion Cartography