INTRODUCTION/MAIN Introduction/Main BACKGROUND Seafarer's Challenge Why This Interest Continental Drift Oppositions to Drift Craftsman's Approach EMPIRICAL MODEL The Empirical Model Expansion Basics Model Construction Expansion Basics Model Construction Model Demonstration Riverbed Formation Video Demonstration CONCLUSIONS Conclusions Summary of Evidence The Mid-Oceans Crests Making Mountains & The Pacific Ocean Moon Expulsion Earthquakes An Impact Vision EXPANSION CARTOGRAPHY Expansion Cartography The Big Picture Waterworld Inland Evidence EXPAND HOW? Expand How? Owen's Plasma Core Continental Shelves EPILOGUE Epilogue BOOK INFO Book Info / Feedback Subduction Associated with Continental Drift. In subduction, it is theorized that new sea floor is continuously generated at the centre of the ocean, at a mid-ocean crest, and then spreads from the centre out. Sucked by some force into the deeper hot magma, the excess sea floor is said to dip under the continents, thus forming the deep ocean trenches. Moon Expulsion The basis for a theory concerning the Earth's geological history, based on the idea that the mass of matter that is now the Moon was originally part of the Earth. A catastrophic event is said to have expelled the Moon from the planet. Associated with Catastrophe Theory or Impact Theory.

WATERWORLD Ocean floor details are indicative of expansion. THE MID-OCEAN CRESTS Around the world, notice how the mid-ocean crests run along the centre of the ocean floors, mimicking the perimeters of their neighbouring continents. The distortion of the crest in the Southern Hemisphere, near Antarctica, is characteristic of every crest. The latitudinal pull of expansion has shifted the longitudinal form of the crests. The distance from Australia to the crest east of it is just one example of the pull of expansion. The distance between South America to the crest west of it, is an anomaly. It should not exist if subduction occurred; the crest would be closer to the land. The Pacific Ocean is the exception; it has no central crest. Get the picture… with the Map of the World or the model… Atlantic | Southern Hemisphere | Pacific THE TRENCHES Trenches exist in the ocean floor running beside the continents surrounding the Pacific Ocean. How does expansion explain these? Certain channels discovered on lake bottoms appear to be created by the roots of ice floats, so heavy that they deeply scraped the bottom as they moved. It is prudent to assume that the mountain ranges around the Pacific Ocean also have roots. It appears that an expulsion event in this area has forced the surrounding land up into mountains through a side thrust. The mountain roots may have prevented the magma to fill in the areas -- the trenches -- left along the shifted land. As well, quick cooling after the event, caused by water with high salt content (after expulsion the ocean water would cover the continents up to 12,000 feet, according to numerous sources) made the top magma too sluggish to fill up to the general level, thus leaving the trenches empty. If subduction did occur, there would be no trenches. They would be filled with the sedimentary debris of the ocean floor (Carey). Top | Main | Inland Evidence