pg. 252 #4, 5, 6, 7
 

4. (a) acetylene + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water

(Synthesis or combustion)

(b) zinc + silver nitrate --> zinc nitrate + silver (Single Displacement)

(c) zinc carbonate --> zinc oxide + carbon dioxide (Decomposition)

(d) nitrogen + oxygen --> nitrogen dioxide (Synthesis)

(e) potassium hydroxide + phosphoric acid --> water + potassium phosphate

(Double Displacement)

(f) hydrogen + nitrogen --> ammonia (Synthesis)

5. (a) 2CO + 0₂ --> 2CO₂

(b) C1₂ + 2KBr --> Br₂ + 2KCI

(c) balanced

6. (a) Ca + 2HBr --> CaBr₂ + H₂

(b) 4Al + 30₂ --> 2Al₂0₃

(c) balanced

(d) 3Ba + 2H₃PO₄ --> Ba₃(PO₄)₂ + 3H₂

(e) 3CaCl₂ + A1₂(SO₄)₃ --> 3CaSO₄ + 2AlC1₃

(f) C₃H₈ + 50₂ --> 3CO₂ + 4H₂0

7. (a) Barium chloride and sodium sulfate react to form barium sulfate and sodium chloride;

BaCl₂ + Na₂SO₄ --> BaSO₄ + NaCl;

BaCl₂ + Na₂SO₄ --> BaSO₄ + 2NaCl

(b) Sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide react to form sodium sulfate and water;

H₂SO_4(aq) + NaOH --> Na₂SO₄ + H₂0; H₂SO_4(aq) + 2NaOH -> Na₂SO₄ + 2H₂0

(c) Potassium chlorate decomposes to form potassium chloride and oxygen; KC10₃ --> KCl + 0₂; 2KC10₃ --> 2KCI + 30₂
 

pg. 286-7 #4, 6, 8
 

4. (a) Heat, catalyst, and concentration all affect the rate.

(b) Surface area cannot apply in a homogeneous system.

6. (a) At higher temperatures, molecules move faster, increasing the chances for successful collisions.

(b) When the concentration of a reactant is increased, more molecules are present, which increases the chances for successful collisions.

(c) Increasing the surface area puts more reactant molecules at the surface of the substance available to collisions, resulting in more successful collisions.

(d) A catalyst provides an easier path for the reactants to follow to become products, allowing a greater proportion of successful collisions.

8. (a) Storing them in the refrigerator slows down (decreased temperature) the rate of evaporation (physical change) or any chemical change (decomposition, for example).

(b) Wheat dust has a larger surface area than an individual piece of grain.

(c) Stomach acid is very dilute compared to concreteetching acid.

(d) The copper (11) sulphate is a catalyst.
 

pg. 326-7 #2, 5, 7, 8, 9
 

2. (a) neutralization

(b) acid precipitation

(c) pH

(d) metal oxide

(e) liming

(f) indicator

(g) salt
 

5. (a) hydrogen

(b) carbon dioxide

(c) water

d water
 

7. Wear goggles, keep dilute base solution available for emergencies, and flush spills with lots of water.
 

8. (a) acid

(b) base

(c) base

(d) acid
 

9. (a) Over pH 7 is basic.

(b) Adding an acid will lower the pH.
 

pg. 330-1 #1, 3, 5-12, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21
 

1.(a) chemical

(b) reactants

(c) negative

(d) polyatomic

(e) coefficient

(f) combustion

(g) hydrate

(h) synthesis

(i) rate

(j) concentrated

(k) endothermic

(1) catalyst

(m)indicator

(n) pH

(o) oxide

(p) liming
 

3. (a) A chemical property involves production of a new
 

substance.

(b) A proton is positive, a neutron is neutral.

(c) An ion has a positive or negative charge; an atom h no charge.

(d) Ionic compounds contain ions, molecular compounds contain neutral atoms.

(e) A skeleton equation is unbalanced.

(f) synthesis is making larger molecules, decomposition is breaking down larger molecules.

(g) Single displacement involves an element and a compound, double displacement involves two compounds.

(h) Combustion produces carbon dioxide and water, incomplete combustion may also produce carbon monoxide and/or carbon.

(i) Dilute means a lower amount of solute in the solvent than in a concentrated solution.

(j) An enzyme is a biological catalyst.

(k) A catalyst speeds up and an inhibitor slows down a reaction.

(1) Endothermic reactions absorb and exothermic reactions produce heat.

(m)Acids turn litmus red, bases turn litmus blue.

(n) Metallic oxides react to form a base, nonmetallic oxides react to form an acid.

(o) Alkaline means basic.

(p) Titration is quantitative neutralization.

5. The name of the compound PCl₃ is (a) phosphorus chloride.

6. The reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid is an example of (c) single displacement.

7. The reaction between sodium and chlorine is an example of (a) synthesis.
 

8. When chalk is ground into a powder, it reacts more quickly in acid. This is an example of the effect of (b) surface area.

9. Cake batter rises when the cake is baked. This is an example of the effect of (c) temperature.

10. Element X reacts with oxygen to form Compound Y. Compound Y reacts with water to form a solution that turns litmus red. Element X is a (b) nonmetal.

11. Element X reacts with oxygen to form Compound Y. Compound Y reacts with water to form a solution that turns litmus blue. Compound Y is a (c) basic oxide.

12. (a) sodium bromide

(b) magnesium iodide

(c) calcium nitrate

(d) iron(III) chloride

(e) potassium sulfate
 

15. (a) Br₂ + 2KI --> I₂ + 2KBr
 

(b) 4K + 0₂ --> 2K₂0

(c) 4Na + 0₂ --> 2Na₂O

(d) 3Sr + N₂ --> Sr₃N₂

(e) 6Na + N₂ --> 2Na₃N

(f) Ca + 2H₂0 --> Ca(OH)₂

16. (a) single displacement

(b) decomposition
 

(c) double displacement
 

(d) combustion
 

(e) synthesis
 

17. (a) Zn + Fe(NO₃)₃ --> Fe + Zn(NO₃)₂

3Zn + 2Fe(NO₃)₃ --> 2Fe + 3Zn(NO₃)₂

(b) MgCO₃ --> MgO + CO₂ (skeleton and balanced)

(c) AgNO₃ + CaI₂ --> AgI + Ca(NO₃)₂

2AgNO₃ + CaI₂ --> 2AgI + Ca(NO₃)₂

(d) CH₄ + 0₂ --> C0₂ + H₂0

CH₄ + 0₂ --> C0₂ + 2H₂0

(e) K + 0₂ --> K₂0

4K + 0₂ --> 2K₂0

20. (a) The pH describes the degree of acidity.

(b) The pH 3 solution is 100 times more acidic.
 

21. (a) Zinc will dissolve and a colourless gas will evolve.
 

(b) single displacement
 

(c) Zn + 2HCl --> H₂ + ZnCl₂
 

(d) Use hot acid, more concentrated acid, a catalyst, or finely ground zinc.
 

(e) No more gas evolves.
 

(f) Check the pH of the solution. If it is neutral, all the acid has reacted.